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Guide · Retirement plans

The solo 401(k): a large deduction for one-person businesses.

Owners with no employees other than a spouse can use a solo 401(k) to contribute both as employee and as employer, often far more than an IRA or SEP allows at the same income.

Forms & standards
IRC § 401(k)IRC § 402(g)IRC § 415(c)IRC § 404IRC § 402A (Roth)Form 5500-EZ

Serving United States, Virginia, Washington, DC, Maryland.

What we handle

How contributions work

As the employee, you can defer salary up to the annual section 402(g) limit, with an additional catch-up amount at age 50 and higher catch-up limits at ages 60 to 63. As the employer, the business can add a profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of W-2 wages for an S corporation owner, or about 20% of net self-employment earnings for a sole proprietor. Total contributions are capped by the annual section 415(c) limit.

Employee deferrals can be made as Roth contributions, and many plans now allow Roth employer contributions too. Plans can generally be adopted up to the tax return due date for employer contributions, and Form 5500-EZ is required once plan assets exceed $250,000.

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  • EligibilitySelf-employed owners with no employees other than a spouse.
  • Employee deferralsPre-tax or Roth, up to the annual limit plus catch-ups.
  • Employer contributionsUp to 25% of W-2 wages or about 20% of net self-employment income.
  • DeadlinesPlan adoption and contribution timing.
  • ComparisonSolo 401(k) versus SEP IRA versus cash balance plan.
  • ReportingForm 5500-EZ once assets exceed $250,000.

Where we help

Key rules

Statute

IRC § 402(g)

Limits elective deferrals each year, with catch-up contributions for older participants.

Statute

IRC § 415(c)

Caps total annual additions from all sources.

Statute

IRC § 402A

Allows Roth deferrals inside the plan.

Filing

Form 5500-EZ

Required once plan assets exceed $250,000.

Our approach

How the engagement runs.

Review

A senior advisor reviews your facts and documents.

Plan

Scope, fees and timeline in an engagement letter.

File

Returns, elections and forms prepared and reviewed.

Support

IRS contact and planning all year.

Questions

Frequently asked

If your question isn't here, call (703) 880-8412 and you'll reach a person.

Is a solo 401(k) better than a SEP IRA?

Usually at moderate incomes, because the employee deferral adds to the employer contribution. At very high incomes the totals can be similar.

Can my spouse participate?

Yes, if your spouse works in the business and is paid, which can double the household contribution.

What if I hire employees later?

The plan must then cover eligible employees, so it becomes a regular 401(k) plan.

Can I combine it with a cash balance plan?

Yes. High-income owners often pair a 401(k) with a cash balance plan for much larger deductions.

Latest updates

IRS & federal tax

All IRS & federal tax updates
Nov 5, 2026IRS & federal tax

IRS releases 2027 inflation adjustments (Rev. Proc. 2026-35)

For 2027 the joint-return standard deduction rises to $33,200, the estate tax basic exclusion to $15,480,000, the annual gift exclusion to $20,000 and the Section 179 expensing limit to $2,640,000. Our advisors recommend revisiting year-end gifting and equipment purchase plans with these figures in mind.

Source: IRS (IR-2026-133)

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